Types of 3D Printer Filaments

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Summary

3D printer filaments are the materials used in additive manufacturing to create three-dimensional objects, primarily composed of thermoplastics that can be categorized into various types based on their composition and properties. Among the most common filaments are Polylactic Acid (PLA), known for its biodegradability and ease of use; Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), valued for its durability and strength; and Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU), recognized for its flexibility. The diversity of filaments available has made them essential in industries ranging from prototyping to specialized applications in aerospace and food production.[1][2][3][4].

The notable characteristics of these filaments influence their application suitability, with PLA being favored for environmentally conscious projects and ABS often chosen for functional prototypes due to its robustness. Specialty filaments, such as carbon fiber composites and edible materials, are designed to meet specific performance or aesthetic requirements, further expanding the possibilities of 3D printing technology.[5][6][7][8].

However, the growing use of plastic-based filaments has raised concerns regarding environmental impact, particularly in relation to waste generation and recycling challenges. Although PLA is biodegradable under certain conditions, the overall lifecycle of 3D printer filaments remains a critical consideration in sustainable manufacturing practices. The complexities of recycling various filament types underscore the need for improved disposal methods and the development of eco-friendlier alternatives to traditional thermoplastics.[9][10][11].

As the technology advances, understanding the properties, benefits, and limitations of different filament types is crucial for users aiming to optimize their 3D printing projects. From mechanical and thermal properties to storage and handling techniques, these factors play a significant role in achieving high-quality prints while navigating the economic and environmental aspects of filament usage.[12][13][14]

Common Types of Filaments

3D printer filaments are primarily composed of thermoplastic materials, which can either be a single thermoplastic or a blend of two or more thermoplastics. A notable example is the ABSpro Flame Retardant filament, made from a blend of ABS and Polycarbonate[1][2]. In addition to pure thermoplastics, filaments may also contain additives or fillers, which are secondary materials that enhance specific properties[1][2].

PLA (Polylactic Acid)

PLA is a widely used type of filament derived from fermented plant starch, such as corn, cassava, or sugarcane. The fermentation process converts sugars into lactic acid, which is then polymerized to form PLA[3][4]. Its favorable material properties make it suitable for a range of applications, including the production of plastic films, bottles, and biodegradable medical devices that can decompose within 6 to 12 months[3][4]. PLA is also versatile; it can be combined with other materials, such as carbon fiber or even organic substances like coffee, to impart unique characteristics, such as scent or color-changing properties[5][6]. PLA filaments exhibit varying physical and mechanical properties, including a glass transition temperature of approximately 60–65 °C and a melting temperature of 130–180 °C[5]. However, their low glass transition temperature limits their use in applications involving hot liquids[3]. Despite these limitations, PLA’s ease of melting makes it a popular choice for 3D printing[3][4].

ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)

ABS is another common thermoplastic filament known for its strength and durability. It offers good impact resistance and is often used in applications requiring sturdy and resilient parts. ABS can also be easily post-processed, allowing for smoother finishes when sanded or painted.

TPU (Thermoplastic Polyurethane)

TPU is recognized for its flexibility and durability, making it suitable for applications where flexibility is crucial. It is characterized by low abrasiveness, reducing wear on printer components, which is advantageous for long-term use[7].

PP (Polypropylene)

Polypropylene is a lightweight, flexible thermoplastic known for its strength, durability, and chemical resistance. It is widely used in everyday products, including enclosures, medical parts, and mechanical components. Its non-toxic nature also allows for food-safe applications[7].

Photopolymerizable Resins

Unlike traditional thermoplastic filaments, photopolymerizable resins, used in SLA, DLP, and LCD printing, offer exceptional resolution and surface finish. They can be formulated to meet specific requirements, ranging from flexibility to translucency, making them ideal for applications in precision fields such as dental models and complex engineering prototypes[8][5]. The versatility of these resins broadens the range of potential applications in various industries[8].

Specialty Filaments

Specialty filaments encompass a diverse range of materials designed to fulfill specific requirements in 3D printing. These filaments often incorporate unique properties or additives that enhance their performance and suitability for specialized applications.

Carbon Fiber Filament

Carbon fiber filament combines carbon fibers with plastic, resulting in a lightweight yet extremely strong material. This filament is often used in high-performance applications such as aerospace and automotive manufacturing due to its superior strength, durability, and resistance to high temperatures. Although more expensive and challenging to print than standard filaments, carbon fiber offers significant advantages for specialized projects[9].

Edible Filaments

Edible 3D printing materials enable the creation of intricate and customized food designs. Common edible filaments include chocolate, sugar, dough, and pureed foods, which are extruded or deposited layer by layer to form complex shapes. This technology allows chefs and food designers to craft unique dishes, personalized treats, and nutritionally tailored meals. Furthermore, it is being explored for potential applications in space food production and addressing food scarcity issues[6].

Metal-based Filaments

Metal-filled filaments consist of very finely ground metal powders such as copper, bronze, brass, and stainless steel combined with a polymer base, typically PLA. These filaments print similarly to PLA but yield parts with the appearance and feel of metal once polished. Due to the metal content, they are heavier and often more robust than standard plastics, making them suitable for applications that require added strength[5][10]. These filaments require experimentation with printer settings and typically necessitate sanding or polishing to achieve the desired metallic finish[11].

Wood and Bamboo Filaments

Wood-based filaments are composites that combine PLA with wood dust or other powdered wood derivatives, usually containing around 30% wood particles. These materials produce prints that have a wood-like appearance and feel, making them popular for decorative items and prototypes[12]. BambooFill is a specific type of filament composed of 80% biodegradable PLA and 20% recycled bamboo fibers, offering a lightweight and sturdy alternative for various applications[13].

Paper Pulp Filament

Paper pulp filament consists of a mixture of paper pulp and a natural binder. This filament can be used in traditional 3D printing processes, where a viscous pulp solution is deposited on the print bed. It provides a unique approach to 3D printing with recycled materials and is often utilized in creative and artistic applications[14].

Filament Characteristics

3D printer filaments exhibit a wide range of properties that make them suitable for various applications. Understanding these characteristics is crucial for selecting the appropriate filament for specific tasks.

Mechanical Properties

Different filaments possess unique mechanical properties, influencing their usability in different contexts. For instance, ABS and PLA filaments demonstrate similar tensile strengths, making them both excellent choices for rapid prototyping[15][16]. However, ABS has superior ductility compared to PLA, offering greater flexural strength and elongation before breaking down. This makes ABS preferable for applications requiring parts that will encounter physical forces[15][16][17]. Nylon variants, such as Aliphatic and Aromatic Nylons, exhibit strong chemical resistance and high-temperature tolerance, respectively. These properties make them suitable for applications in demanding environments[18][1]. Additionally, carbon fiber reinforced filaments are known for their rigidity, making them ideal for structural components in aerospace and automotive industries[18][1].

Thermal Properties

Filaments like PEEK and PEI are recognized for their ability to maintain thermal stability and mechanical integrity under extreme conditions, which positions them as top choices for high-performance engineering tasks[18][1]. High-temperature filaments are essential in applications where thermal resistance is a priority.

Environmental Considerations

As the use of 3D printing technology becomes more widespread, the environmental impact of plastic-based filaments has gained significant attention. The production and disposal of these materials contribute to various environmental concerns, including resource depletion, waste generation, and pollution[14][19].

Biodegradability and Eco-Friendliness

One notable option in the realm of 3D printer filaments is polylactic acid (PLA), which is favored for its eco-friendliness and biodegradability. PLA is derived from renewable resources and can decompose under the right conditions, making it a preferred choice for those prioritizing sustainability[20]. However, it is essential to consider the full lifecycle of PLA, including its end-of-life disposal.

Recycling and Waste Reduction

Recycling PLA offers several environmental benefits. It helps reduce waste, decreases the consumption of virgin resources, and lowers greenhouse gas emissions compared to producing new PLA[21][1]. Effective recycling practices can promote a more sustainable and circular economy for biodegradable plastics, minimizing the amount of plastic waste generated in the first place. Strategies such as minimizing supports, reducing infill, and ensuring proper bed adhesion can further enhance waste reduction efforts[4][22].

Challenges in Recycling and Disposal

Despite the advantages of PLA, challenges remain regarding the recycling of plastic materials used in 3D printing. Many plastics, including those commonly utilized in additive manufacturing, are not easily recyclable within traditional systems. The complex compositions and mixed materials often used in 3D prints complicate the recycling process, leading to potential environmental harm if disposed of improperly[23][8]. Moreover, incinerating plastic waste can release harmful chemicals into the environment, underscoring the need for improved disposal methods and recycling infrastructure[24].

Durability and Flexibility

Filaments such as PETG are valued for their toughness and impact resistance, making them suitable for producing durable functional parts, like mechanical components and protective casings[25]. Their moderate flexibility allows for the creation of items that require slight bending, enhancing their application range.

Filament Storage and Handling

Proper storage and handling of 3D printer filaments are crucial to prevent various printing issues and ensure optimal performance during the printing process. Filaments can absorb moisture from the air, which may lead to print defects such as stringing, bubbling, or poor layer adhesion. To mitigate these risks, it is recommended to store filaments in airtight containers or vacuum-sealed bags with desiccants to keep moisture at bay[5].

Best Practices for Storage

• Airtight Containers: Use airtight bins or containers specifically designed for filament storage to prevent exposure to humidity. Consider adding desiccant packs to absorb any residual moisture[5].
• Temperature Control: Store filaments in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat sources, as excessive heat can degrade the filament material over time[5][26].
• Vertical Storage: When possible, store filament spools vertically to avoid deformation and ensure consistent feeding through the extruder[26].

Handling Guidelines

• Minimize Exposure: Only take out the filament you need for immediate use to reduce exposure to air and moisture. Reseal any unused filament promptly[26].
• Clean Feed Path: Regularly check and clean the feed path of your 3D printer to avoid any clogs caused by dust or debris that might accumulate on the filament during storage[26].
• Test Prints: Before committing to large prints, conduct small test prints to ensure that the filament has maintained its integrity and performance. This can help identify any potential issues caused by improper storage[5][26].

By adhering to these storage and handling practices, users can enhance the longevity and reliability of their 3D printing filaments, leading to more successful and high-quality prints.

Cost Comparison

When selecting a filament for 3D printing, cost is an important factor to consider. The prices for the two most commonly used filaments, ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) and PLA (Polylactic Acid), vary based on several factors including brand, quality, and supplier. Generally, PLA is more expensive than ABS due to its composition from renewable resources, while ABS is derived from petroleum[2][27]. As of the current market, the cost of ABS filament ranges from $14 to $60 per kilogram (€11.90 to €51/€kg), whereas PLA filament is priced between $19 and $75 per kilogram (€16.15 to €63.75/€kg)[2][28]. The cost per meter for these materials also differs, with ABS costing approximately 6.25 cents per meter and PLA around 7.5 cents per meter for 2.85mm filament[29].

Furthermore, it is worth noting that the price of filament does not always correlate with its quality. While many consumers purchase pre-made filaments, an increasingly popular and economical option is to produce custom filament using a Filament Extruder, which allows for greater control over the material’s quality and properties at a reduced cost[2][8]. The majority of PLA filaments are available at competitive prices, often sold in 1 kg spools that can contain over 300 meters of material, making them accessible for a range of 3D printing applications[30][31].

References

[1]: The Environmental Impact of Plastic 3D Printing – Nota3D [2]: Replacing ABS plastic sustainably – Sulapac [3]: How Sustainable is PLA 3D Printer Filament? [4]: The Dangers of ABS Filament Fumes – Purex International [5]: Potential of recycled PLA in 3D printing: A review – ScienceDirect.com [6]: Environmental Impact of ASA & ABS Filaments – Unique Prints [7]: Environmental Impact: Wood vs PLA : r/3Dprinting – Reddit [8]: Environmental Impact of ASA & ABS Filaments – Unique Prints [9]: Any reason to print in ABS? – Bambu Lab Community Forum [10]: Top Benefits of PETG Plastics – Inplex Custom Extruders, LLC [11]: Environmental Benefits of 3D Printing with Recycled Filament [12]: PLA vs. ABS: Which Filament Should You Use? | Dassault Systèmes [13]: 3D Printing with PETG – NinjaTek [14]: PETG: All You Need to Know for 3D Printing in 2024 – 3Dnatives [15]: ELI5 – why use ABS filament : r/3Dprinting – Reddit [16]: All About ABS 3D Printing Filament | Xometry [17]: 5 CLEVER Ways to Use Your Old Filament Spools – YouTube [18]: PC-ABS – engineering 3D printing filament – 3DGence [19]: Everything you need to know about PETG 3D printing – MakerBot [20]: PLA vs. ABS – Which Is Better? – BigRep [21]: ABS plastic health risks in 3D printing – Alveo3D [22]: The Life Cycle Assessment for Polylactic Acid (PLA) to Make It a Low … [23]: 5 Reasons PETG is the Next 3D Printing Material You Need to Try [24]: A Look at PETG 3D Printing and How It Works – Xometry [25]: What Is PETG Filament Used For? Key Uses and Benefits [26]: Ultimate 3D Printing Material Properties Table – Simplify3D [27]: The Truth about the Biodegradability of PLA Filament [28]: PLA Recycling: Can PLA 3D Printer Filament be Recycled? – Wevolver [29]: What are the costs per meter of filament for PLA, ABS and PET? [30]: Net zero on 3D printing filament recycling: A sustainable analysis [31]: Plastic Recycling Innovation: 3D-Printing Filament Spools [undefined]: What are the benefits and drawbacks of using PETG over PLA for 3D …